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1 plan for expansion
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > plan for expansion
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2 plan for expansion
Экономика: программа развития -
3 plan for expansion
Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > plan for expansion
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4 plan
1. сущ.1) общ. план, проект, программа (схема какой-л. деятельности, разработанная до начала ее осуществления; напр., план деятельности компании, план продаж и т. п.)annual plan — годовой план, план на год
five-year plan — пятилетний план, план на пять лет
Syn:See:advertising plan, affirmative action plan, aggregate plan, alternative plan, budget plan, business plan, cargo plan, financial plan, investment plan, long-term plan, medium-term plan, performance plan, short-term plan, strategic plan, single-use plan, standing plan, tactical plan, planning, budgeting, contingency plan, accumulation plan, automatic reinvestment plan, constant dollar plan, constant ratio plan, variable ratio plan, personal equity plan, Carpenter plan2) общ. схема, чертеж (напр., расположения оборудования, размещения людей в аудитории, структуры организации и т. п.)Syn:3) страх., эк. тр. план, программа, схема, система (порядок выплаты пенсий, пособий или дополнительных выплат работникам т. п.)See:401(k) plan, 403(b) plan, 457 plan, age-weighted profit sharing plan, annuity plan, assigned risk plan, cafeteria plan, capitated plan, career average plan, collectively bargained plan, contributory pension plan, death benefit only plan, defined benefit pension plan, defined contribution pension plan, deferred compensation plan, Deferred Profit Sharing Plan, dependent care assistance plan, deposit administration plan, dividend reinvestment plan, employee benefit plan, employee share ownership plan, fee-for-service plan, final-average-pay plan, funded pension plan, health plan, hospital cash plan, insurance plan, junior stock plan, Keogh plan, managed care plan, money purchase plan, multi-employer plan, multiple employer plan, non-qualified plan, payroll savings plan, Payroll Stock Ownership Plan, pension equity plan, pension plan, phantom stock plan, point of service plan, premium conversion plan, prescription drug plan, profit sharing plan, reinvestment plan, Roth plan, safe harbor plan, salary continuation plan, salary reduction plan, Scanlon Plan, Section 125 plan, self-insured plan, share incentive plan, share repurchase plan, single-employer plan, target benefit plan, top-hat plan, top-heavy plan, welfare plan, plan provider, summary plan description2. гл.1) общ. составлять план, планироватьSee:2) общ. намереваться, собираться (сделать что-л.)He plans to be in graduate school next year. — Он собирается поступить в магистратуру в следующем году.
3) общ. проектировать, чертить, создавать чертеж [схему\]
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1) план; 2) цели, которые компания стремится достигнуть за определенный период.* * *см. package-----система мер, направленная на достижение целей и задач -
5 plan
1) план, программа || планировать, составлять план2) проект || проектировать3) схема, чертёж -
6 expansion
1. n рост, развитие, распространение2. n расширение, растяжение, растяжка; увеличение3. n пространство, протяжение; простор4. n экспансия5. n подробное изложение; детализация6. n мат. раскрытие; разложение7. n тех. раскатка, развальцовка8. n геол. распространение на большую поверхностьСинонимический ряд:1. expanse (noun) amplitude; breadth; distance; expanse; space; stretch2. increasing in size (noun) amplification; augmentation; development; enlargement; extension; growth; increase; increasing in size; magnification; spreadАнтонимический ряд: -
7 plan
мен. план; проект; програмазаздалегідь розроблена, підготовлена менеджментом (management²) програма дій, процедур тощо, за якою передбачають виконання організаційних цілей, завдань, обсягу роботи і т. ін.═════════■═════════action plan план заходів; advertising plan план реклами • рекламний план • план рекламної кампанії; allocation plan план розподілу чого-небудь; alternative plan варіант плану • альтернативний план; amended plan уточнений план; annual plan річний план; appraisal plan система оцінювання; approved plan затверджений план; assistance plan план допомоги; balanced plan збалансований план; basic plan основний план • опорний план; bonus plan система заохочення • система заохочувальних винагород; brand plan план випуску марки • план випуску марочного товару; budget plan кошторисний план; business plan комерційний план • бізнес-план • план ділової активності; business-building plan план розширення діяльності; business-portfolio plan план розвитку сфери діяльності; campaign plan план рекламної кампанії; capacity plan план підвищення продуктивності • план розвитку виробничої потужності; capital investment plan план капіталовкладень; capital spending plan програма капіталовкладень; coherent plan послідовний план • внутрішньо скоординований план; combined plan поєднаний план; communications plan план комунікації; company-wide plan загальнофірмовий план; compensation plan програма відшкодовування; complete plan комплексний план; comprehensive plan комплексний план; concrete plan конкретний план; consumption plan план споживання; contingent consumption plan умовний план споживання; coordinated plan координований план; copy plan структура тексту; cost finding plan система калькуляційних відомостей; counter plan зустрічний план; coupon plan купонна програма; creative plan творчий план; credit plan кредитний план; current plan поточний план; daily plan добовий план • план на добу; decision plan схема прийняття рішень; delivery plan план постачання; departmental plan план відділу; development plan план розвитку; differential time plan почасово-прогресивна система заробітної плати; distribution plan план розподілу; draft plan проект плану; economic plan економічний план • господарський план; editorial plan редакційний план; elaborate plan старанно продуманий план; emergency plan план на випадок надзвичайних обставин • план на непередбачені випадки; employment plan програма забезпечення зайнятості; export plan план експорту; export-import plan план експорту-ім-порту товарів; family assistance plan програма допомоги багатодітним родинам; feasible plan допустимий план (у задачах лінійного програмування); financial plan фінансовий план; financing plan план фінансування; fixed plan твердий план • встановлений план; food stamp plan програма харчових купонів; formal plan формальний план; general plan загальний план; health insurance plan план медичного страхування; housing development plan програма житлового будівництва; implementation plan план здійснення наміченого; import plan план імпорту; initial plan вихідний план; inspection plan план інспекції • план приймального контролю; instalment plan план купівлі на виплат; integrated plan комплексний план; introductory plan ввідний план • план виходу на ринок; investment plan програма капіталовкладень; layaway plan відкладання і сплачування товару на виплат; lease plan план оренди; long-range plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; long-term plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; management plan план організаційної діяльності; market plan план роботи на ринку • план ринкової діяльності; marketing plan план збуту • план маркетингу; master plan генеральний план • зведений план; media plan план застосування засобів реклами • медіа-план; medium-term plan середньостроковий план; multistage plan багатоетапний план; multiple-time plan відрядно-прогресивна система заробітної плати; national plan національний план; national economic plan народногосподарський план; national media plan план застосування загальнонаціональних засобів реклами; objectionable plan неприйнятний план; on-going plan поточний план • план, який здійснюється в поточний період; operating plan виробничий план • оперативний фінансовий план; operational plan оперативний план; optimal plan оптимальний план; organization plan схема організаційної структури; organizational plan організаційний план • організаційна структура; outline plan схематичний план; output plan план випуску продукції; overall plan всеосяжний план; package plan комплексний план • пакет заходів • комплекс заходів; pay plan порядок виплати зарплати; payment plan план виплати; payout plan схема виплати; pension plan система пенсійного забезпечення; practicable plan здійсненний план; preliminary plan попередній план; procurement plan план закупівлі; product plan план виробництва товару • план випуску товару; product promotion plan план просування товару; production plan виробничий план; profit plan заходи для отримання прибутку; profit-sharing plan система участі в прибутках; projected plan план на майбутнє; promotion plan план стимулювання збуту • план стимулювання; provisional plan тимчасовий план; publicity plan план популяризації • рекламний план; purchase plan план закупівлі; quality assurance plan програма забезпечення якості продукції; quarterly plan квартальний план; recruitment plan план набору персоналу; research plan план досліджень; retirement plan план пенсійного забезпечення • пенсійна програма; revised plan переглянутий план; rough plan приблизний план • орієнтовний план; sales plan план збуту; sales promotion plan план стимулювання збуту; sampling plan програма вибіркового обстеження • план вибіркового контролю; short-range plan короткостроковий план; short-term plan короткостроковий план; spending plan програма витрат; stowage plan план розміщення вантажу в вантажних приміщеннях судна; strategic plan стратегічний план; summary plan зведений план; supply plan план постачання; support plan план допомоги; survey plan план обстеження; systematic plan комплексний план; tactical plan тактичний план; target profit plan заходи для отримання цільового прибутку; technical plan технічний план; trial-use plan пробне вживання товару; turnover plan план обороту; unacceptable plan неприйнятний план; underestimated plan нереальний план; wage plan система заробітної плати; workable plan здійсненний план; working plan робочий план; yearly plan річний план; zone plan зональний план═════════□═════════according to plan згідно з планом • за планом • відповідно до плану; plan for expansion програма розвитку; plan of action план дій; plan of distribution план розподілу • план розміщення; plan of operation план роботи; to abandon a plan відмовлятися/відмовитися від плану • скасовувати/скасувати план; to adhere to a plan дотримуватися/дотриматися плану • додержуватися/додержатися плану; to adjust a plan вивіряти/вивірити план • коригувати/відкоригувати план; to approve a plan затверджувати/затвердити план; to carry out a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to coordinate plans координувати/скоординувати плани; to draw up a plan упорядковувати/упорядкувати план • накреслювати/накреслити план; to elaborate onaplan розробляти/розробити план; to execute a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to finance a plan фінансувати план; to fund a plan фінансувати план; to go ahead with plans реалізовувати/реалізувати план; to implement a plan виконувати/виконати план; to incorporate in a plan включати/включити в план; to interfere with plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to launch a plan братися/взятися за виконання плану; to make plans складати/скласти плани; to negotiate a plan обговорювати/обговорити план; to offer a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to outline a plan накреслювати/накреслити план; to prepare a plan готувати/підготувати план; to propose a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to put forward a plan висувати/висунути план; to reconsider a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to refine a plan уточнювати/уточнити план; to revise a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to spoil plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to submit a plan подавати/подати план на розгляд; to work out a plan розробляти/розробити план -
8 программа развития
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > программа развития
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9 proceed
(a) (continue) continuer, poursuivre;∎ we are now unable to proceed with our plans for expansion nous sommes maintenant dans l'impossibilité de poursuivre nos projets d'expansion∎ is the meeting proceeding according to plan? est-ce que la réunion se déroule comme prévu?∎ how should we proceed? comment doit-on procéder?, quelle est la marche à suivre? -
10 see which way the wind blows
выжидать, куда/откуда ветер дует/подует (не спешить с решением)Before we decide on our expansion plan for the firm, I think we should see which way the wind blows.
Англо-русский словарь идиом и фразовых глаголов > see which way the wind blows
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11 think
think [θɪŋk]penser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 2 (b), 2 (f) raisonner ⇒ 1 (a) réfléchir ⇒ 1 (b), 3 (s')imaginer ⇒ 1 (c), 2 (d) croire ⇒ 1 (d), 2 (b) juger ⇒ 2 (c) considérer ⇒ 2 (c) penser à ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (e) réfléchir à ⇒ 2 (a) se rappeler ⇒ 2 (e) s'attendre à ⇒ 2 (f)(pt & pp thought [θɔ:t])∎ to think for oneself se faire ses propres opinions;∎ sorry, I wasn't thinking clearly désolé, je n'avais pas les idées claires;∎ to think aloud penser tout haut;∎ familiar to think big voir les choses en grand□ ;∎ she always thinks big elle voit toujours les choses en grand;∎ think big! sois ambitieux!□ ;∎ to think on one's feet réfléchir vite;∎ you couldn't hear yourself think il n'était pas possible de se concentrer;∎ I can't think straight with this headache ce mal de tête m'embrouille les idées(b) (ponder, reflect) penser, réfléchir;∎ he thought for a moment il a réfléchi un instant;∎ she doesn't say much but she thinks a lot elle ne dit pas grand-chose, mais elle n'en pense pas moins;∎ think before you speak réfléchissez avant de parler;∎ you just don't think, do you! (are inconsiderate, careless etc) jamais tu ne réfléchis, hein!;∎ let me think laisse-moi réfléchir;∎ think carefully before deciding réfléchissez bien avant de vous décider;∎ I thought hard j'ai beaucoup réfléchi;∎ I thought twice before accepting j'ai réfléchi à deux fois avant d'accepter;∎ to act without thinking agir sans réfléchir;∎ I'm sorry, I wasn't thinking désolé, je l'ai fait/dit sans réfléchir;∎ it makes you think ça vous fait réfléchir;∎ that's what set me thinking c'est ce qui m'a fait réfléchir∎ if you think I'd lend you my car again… si tu t'imagines que je te prêterai encore ma voiture…;∎ just think! imaginez(-vous) un peu!;∎ just think, you might have married him! imagine(-toi) que tu aurais pu l'épouser!(d) (believe, have as opinion) penser, croire;∎ she thinks as I do elle pense comme moi;∎ to her way of thinking à son avis;∎ it's a lot harder than I thought c'est beaucoup plus difficile que je ne croyais(a) (ponder, reflect on) penser à, réfléchir à;∎ he was thinking what they could do next il se demandait ce qu'ils allaient pouvoir faire ensuite;∎ I'm thinking how to go about it je me demande comment il faudrait s'y prendre;∎ I was just thinking how ironic it all is je pensais simplement à l'ironie de la chose;∎ guess what we're thinking essaye de deviner à quoi nous pensons;∎ I kept thinking "why me?" je n'arrêtais pas de me dire: pourquoi moi?;∎ I'm happy to think she's not all alone je suis content de savoir qu'elle n'est pas toute seule;∎ to think deep/evil thoughts avoir des pensées profondes/de mauvaises pensées∎ I think so je crois;∎ I don't think so, I think not je ne crois pas;∎ he's a crook - I thought so or I thought as much c'est un escroc - je m'en doutais;∎ I should think so! je crois bien!;∎ do you think they'll agree? - I should think so croyez-vous qu'ils accepteront? - je pense que oui;∎ he's going to apologize - I should think so (too)! il va s'excuser - j'espère bien!;∎ he apologized - I should think so (too)! il s'est excusé - ce n'est pas trop tôt!;∎ I shouldn't think so je ne crois pas;∎ I think you mean Johnson, not Boswell je crois que tu veux dire Johnson, pas Boswell;∎ more tea? - I don't think I will, thank you encore un peu de thé? - non merci, je ne pense pas;∎ she didn't think he would actually leave elle ne pensait pas qu'il partirait vraiment;∎ she thinks you should leave town elle croit que tu devrais quitter la ville;∎ they asked me what I thought ils m'ont demandé mon avis;∎ what does he think I should do? que pense-t-il ou croit-il que je doive faire?;∎ he wants cream walls - what do you think? il veut des murs crème - qu'est-ce que tu en penses?;∎ I thought I heard a noise j'ai cru ou il m'a semblé entendre un bruit;∎ it's expensive, don't you think? c'est cher, tu ne trouves pas?;∎ familiar oh, he's so honest, I don't think! honnête, mon œil, oui!;∎ I don't know what to think je ne sais pas quoi penser;∎ he thinks he knows everything il croit tout savoir;∎ she thinks she's talented elle se croit ou se trouve douée;∎ that's what you think! tu te fais des illusions!;∎ what will people think? qu'en dira-t-on?, qu'est-ce que les gens vont penser?;∎ it is thought that… on suppose que… + indicative;∎ anyone would think he owned the place on croirait que c'est lui le propriétaire;∎ anybody would think it was Sunday on dirait un dimanche;∎ (just) who does he think he is? (mais) pour qui se prend-il?;∎ you always think the best/the worst of everyone vous avez toujours une très bonne/mauvaise opinion de tout le monde(c) (judge, consider) juger, considérer;∎ we think the rule unfair nous trouvons le règlement injuste;∎ you must think me very nosy vous devez me trouver très curieux;∎ everyone thought he was mad on le tenait pour fou;∎ she is thought to be one of the best on dit qu'elle fait partie des meilleurs;∎ you thought her (to be) a fool vous l'avez prise pour une sotte;∎ if you think it necessary si vous le jugez nécessaire;∎ I hardly think it likely that… il me semble peu probable que… + subjunctive∎ I can't think why he refused je ne vois vraiment pas pourquoi il a refusé;∎ you'd think she'd be pleased elle devrait être contente;∎ one would have thought that… c'était à croire que…+ indicative;∎ who'd have thought he'd become president! qui aurait dit qu'elle serait un jour président!;∎ who'd have thought it! qui l'eût cru!;∎ just think what we can do with all that money! imaginez ce qu'on peut faire avec tout cet argent!;∎ I can't think what you mean je n'arrive pas à comprendre ou voir ce que vous voulez dire;∎ and to think she did it all by herself et dire ou quand on pense qu'elle a fait cela toute seule(e) (remember) penser à, se rappeler;∎ I can't think what his name is je n'arrive pas à me rappeler son nom, son nom m'échappe;∎ he couldn't think which countries belonged to the EU il n'arrivait pas à se rappeler quels pays étaient membres de l'UE;∎ to think to do sth penser à faire qch;∎ they didn't think to invite her ils n'ont pas pensé à l'inviter;∎ did you think to buy some bread? as-tu pensé à acheter du pain?∎ I don't think she'll come je ne pense pas qu'elle viendra ou vienne;∎ I didn't think to find you here je ne m'attendais pas à vous trouver ici;∎ I little thought I would see him again je ne m'attendais guère à le revoir∎ I think I'll go for a walk je crois que je vais aller me promener;∎ esp literary I only thought to help you ma seule pensée était de vous aider∎ do you think you could help me? pourriez-vous m'aider?∎ designers are thinking pink le rose, c'est la couleur in chez les stylistes;∎ the company is thinking expansion le maître mot dans la société, c'est expansion□ ;∎ think thin! pensez minceur!3 noun∎ to have a think réfléchir;∎ we've had a think about it nous y avons réfléchi;∎ she had a good think about their offer elle a bien réfléchi à leur proposition;∎ I'll have another think about it je vais encore y réfléchir;∎ familiar you've got another think coming! tu te fais des illusions!►► think tank groupe m de réflexion(a) (ponder, reflect on)∎ to think about sth/doing sth penser à qch/à faire qch;∎ what are you thinking about? à quoi pensez-vous?;∎ we were just thinking about the holidays nous pensions justement aux vacances;∎ I've thought about your proposal j'ai réfléchi à votre proposition;∎ it's not a bad idea, if you think about it ce n'est pas une mauvaise idée, si tu réfléchis bien;∎ that's worth thinking about cela mérite réflexion;∎ she's thinking about starting a business elle pense à ou envisage de monter une affaire;∎ we'll think about it nous allons y penser ou réfléchir;∎ she has a lot to think about just now elle est très préoccupée en ce moment;∎ there's so much to think about when you buy a house il y a tant de choses à prendre en considération quand on achète une maison;∎ the conference gave us much to think about la conférence nous a donné matière à réflexion;∎ I'll give you something to think about! je vais te donner de quoi réfléchir!(b) (consider seriously) penser à;∎ all he thinks about is money il n'y a que l'argent qui l'intéresse;∎ he's always thinking about food - what else is there to think about? il ne pense qu'à manger - c'est ce qu'il y a de plus intéressant, non?;∎ I've got my family/future to think about il faut que je pense à ma famille/mon avenir(c) (have opinion about) penser de;∎ what do you think about him? que pensez-vous de lui?;∎ what do you think about it? qu'en pensez-vous?prévoir;∎ you have to learn to think ahead il faut apprendre à prévoir∎ to think back to sth se rappeler qch;∎ think back to that night essayez de vous souvenir de ou vous rappeler cette nuit-là;∎ I thought back over the years j'ai repensé aux années passées;∎ when I think back quand j'y repense(a) (have as tentative plan) penser à, envisager de;∎ she's thinking of starting a business elle pense à ou envisage de monter une affaire;∎ what were you thinking of giving her? que pensais-tu lui donner?(b) (have in mind) penser à;∎ we're thinking of you nous pensons à toi;∎ I was thinking of how much times have changed je songeais combien les temps ont changé;∎ whatever were you thinking of? où avais-tu la tête?;∎ come to think of it, that's not a bad idea à la réflexion, ce n'est pas une mauvaise idée;∎ we wouldn't think of letting our daughter travel alone il ne nous viendrait pas à l'esprit de laisser notre fille voyager seule;∎ I couldn't think of it! c'est impossible!(c) (remember) penser à, se rappeler;∎ I can't think of the address je n'arrive pas à me rappeler l'adresse;∎ he couldn't think of the name il ne se rappelait pas le nom, le nom ne lui venait pas;∎ that makes me think of my childhood ça me rappelle mon enfance(d) (come up with → idea, solution)∎ she's the one who thought of double-checking it c'est elle qui a eu l'idée de le vérifier;∎ it's the only way they could think of doing it ils ne voyaient pas d'autre façon de s'y prendre;∎ try every method you can think of essayez toutes les méthodes que vous puissiez imaginer;∎ I thought of the answer j'ai trouvé la réponse;∎ I've just thought of something, she'll be out j'avais oublié ou je viens de me rappeler, elle ne sera pas là;∎ I've just thought of something else il y a autre chose ou ce n'est pas tout;∎ I'd never have thought of that je n'y aurais jamais pensé;∎ why didn't you phone? - I didn't think of it pourquoi n'avez-vous pas téléphoné? - je n'y ai pas pensé;∎ whatever will they think of next? qu'est-ce qu'ils vont bien pouvoir trouver ensuite?;∎ think of a number between 1 and 10 pensez à un chiffre entre 1 et 10;∎ I thought better of it je me suis ravisé;∎ to think better of sb for doing sth estimer qn davantage d'avoir ou pour avoir fait qch;∎ he thought nothing of leaving the baby alone for hours at a time il trouvait (ça) normal de laisser le bébé seul pendant des heures;∎ thank you - think nothing of it! merci - mais je vous en prie ou mais c'est tout naturel!(e) (judge, have as opinion)∎ what do you think of the new teacher? comment trouvez-vous le ou que pensez-vous du nouveau professeur?;∎ what do you think of it? qu'en pensez-vous?;∎ she thinks very highly of or very well of him elle a une très haute opinion de lui;∎ he thinks of himself as an artist il se prend pour un artiste;∎ to think a great deal of oneself, to think too much of oneself avoir une haute idée de soi-même ou de sa personne;∎ as a doctor she is very well thought of elle est très respectée en tant que médecin;∎ I hope you won't think badly of me if I refuse j'espère que vous ne m'en voudrez pas si je refuse;∎ I don't think much of that idea cette idée ne me dit pas grand-chose;∎ he doesn't think much of his brother il n'a pas une haute opinion de son frère;∎ I told her what I thought of her je lui ai dit son fait∎ I always thought of her as being blonde je la croyais blonde;∎ just think of it, me as president! imaginez un peu: moi président!, vous m'imaginez président?;∎ when I think of how things might have turned out quand je pense à la manière dont les choses auraient pu finir;∎ when I think of what might have happened! quand je pense à ce qui aurait pu arriver!;∎ you might have married him, think of that! tu aurais pu l'épouser, imagine un peu!(g) (take into consideration) penser à, considérer;∎ I have my family to think of il faut que je pense à ma famille;∎ she never thinks of anyone but herself elle ne pense qu'à elle-même;∎ think of your mother's feelings pense un peu à ta mère;∎ he never thinks of her il n'a aucun égard ou aucune considération pour elle;∎ you never think of the expense tu ne regardes jamais à la dépense;∎ think of how much it will cost! pense un peu à ce que ça va coûter!;∎ you can't think of everything on ne peut pas penser à tout∎ it needs thinking out cela demande mûre réflexion;∎ he likes to think things out for himself il aime juger des choses par lui-même;∎ a carefully thought-out answer une réponse bien pesée;∎ a well-thought-out plan un projet bien conçu ou ficelébien examiner, bien réfléchir à;∎ we'll have to think it over il va falloir que nous y réfléchissions;∎ this needs thinking over cela mérite réflexion;∎ think the offer over carefully réfléchissez bien à cette proposition;∎ on thinking things over we've decided not to sell the house réflexion faite, on a décidé de ne pas vendre la maison;∎ I need some time to think things over j'ai besoin de temps pour réfléchir(plan etc) bien considérer;∎ the scheme has not been properly thought through le plan n'a pas été considéré suffisamment en détail(excuse, plan, solution) trouver -
12 POP
1) Компьютерная техника: Positively Outstanding Programming, polar orbiting platform2) Медицина: percutaneous osteoplasty3) Американизм: Point Of Purpose, Power Of People4) Военный термин: Partially Ordered Program, period of performance, pipeline outfit, petroleum, preflight operations procedure, primary operation, project objective plan5) Техника: plane of polarization6) Религия: Presbyterian Outreach To Patients7) Метеорология: Professor Ozone Patrol8) Фармакология: Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестин (Progestin Only Pills), Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестоген (Progestogen Only Pills)9) Телекоммуникации: Post Office Protocol (Internet)10) Сокращение: Perpendicular Ocean Platform, Plug-in, Optronic Payload, Point Of Purchase promotions, Post Office Preferred (European standardized envelopes for automation), Post Office Protocol (Internet) [e.g., POP3 - Post Office Protocol, Version 3], Pulse-On-Pulse, popping, Post Office Protocol (esp. TCP/IP), Prelaunch Operations Plan, Program Operating Plan, Pacific Ocean Park (nautical theme park), Package for Online Programming, Package on Package, Package-Oriented Programming, Parallel Ocean Program (Global Ocean Model), Parity of Product, Partial Order Plan, Passing Out Parade, Pay One Price, Payment on Principal (lending), Peak Optical Power, Peak Overpressure, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Performance Optimized Program, Perpendicular to Orbital Plane, Persistent Occipitoposterior Position (complication of labor and delivery), Picture Out Picture, Picture Outside Picture (television feature), Picture of Performance (human resources), Picture on Picture, Picture on Profile (roleplaying gaming), Picture over Picture, Piece Of Paper, Piece of Pie, Pissed Off Person, Place of Performance, Planes of Power (Everquest expansion), Plasma Oscillation Probe, Plaster of Paris, Point of Penetration, Point of Production, Poke'mon Organized Play, Polar Orbiting Platform (ASPRS), Pop From Stack, Power Of The Pen, Power Optimization Problem, Power of Prevention (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists), Pre-Teens Oppose Prohibition (Kids Next Door show), Precision Optical Performance, Premium Offset Plan (insurance), Premium Only Plan (employee benefit plan), Presensitized Offset Plate, Prince of Peace, Prince of Persia (video game), Princess of Power (She-Ra toy and animated TV show), Principal-Only Payment (loans), Printing-Out Paper, Probability of Paternity, Probability of Precipitation, Problem Oriented Policing, Process Operating Procedure, Processor on Plug-In (H/W), Prodigies of Peace, Professional Options Package, Progestogen-Only Pill (contraception), Prolyl Oligopeptidase, Proof Of Purchase, Proof of Payment, Proof of Performance, Proof of Possession, Proof of Principle, Proof of Product (validate/verify vendor's part number), Proofs-Of-Principle, Proper Operating Procedure (military), Prophets of Profit, Protected Object Policy, Protected Outperformance Participation Unit, Pseudo Operation, Public Offering Price (finance), Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - La Union (Airport Code), Pulsed Optically Pumped (quantum optical physics), Purchase Order Processing, Pursuit of Perfection (gaming), Pustaka-On-Phone, Put on Production11) Университет: Professor Of The Planet12) Вычислительная техника: Post Office Protocol; Point of Presence, процессор с программируемыми данными, Point Of Presence (Internet, ISP), Point of Presence (Telephony), post office protocol14) Гинекология: выпадение органов малого таза (pelvic organ prolapse)15) Педиатрия: Программа Пропаганды Беременности (Pregnancy Outreach Program)17) Фирменный знак: People's Online Publishing18) Экология: Persistent organic pollutant19) Реклама: реклама в месте продажи20) Деловая лексика: Point Of Purchase21) Бурение: putting on pump (installing a pumping unit on a well)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: put on the pump, Port Open Permit, Plant Operation Permit23) Нефтегазовая техника вертикальная скорость проходки, механическая скорость бурения24) Сетевые технологии: Pass On Packet, Post Office Protocol, местный поставщик Internet-услуг, месторасположение, почтовый протокол, точка входа в сеть, точка присутствия, узел входа в сеть25) Программирование: Pop a Word from the Stack, (Post Office Protocol) протокол почтового отделения (см. Post Office Protocol)26) Пластмассы: Point of Purchase (Marketing Displays)27) Океанография: Parallel Ocean Program28) Сахалин А: project development plan29) Химическое оружие: performance-oriented packaging30) Ювелирное дело: место продажи (напр. магазин) (Point of Purchase)31) Расширение файла: Point Of Presence, Messages index (PopMail), Pop-up menu object (dBASE Application Generator)32) Имена и фамилии: Prince Of Persia33) Чат: Pissing Off People, Premises Of Post34) NYSE. Pope & Talbot, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic -
13 PoP
1) Компьютерная техника: Positively Outstanding Programming, polar orbiting platform2) Медицина: percutaneous osteoplasty3) Американизм: Point Of Purpose, Power Of People4) Военный термин: Partially Ordered Program, period of performance, pipeline outfit, petroleum, preflight operations procedure, primary operation, project objective plan5) Техника: plane of polarization6) Религия: Presbyterian Outreach To Patients7) Метеорология: Professor Ozone Patrol8) Фармакология: Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестин (Progestin Only Pills), Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестоген (Progestogen Only Pills)9) Телекоммуникации: Post Office Protocol (Internet)10) Сокращение: Perpendicular Ocean Platform, Plug-in, Optronic Payload, Point Of Purchase promotions, Post Office Preferred (European standardized envelopes for automation), Post Office Protocol (Internet) [e.g., POP3 - Post Office Protocol, Version 3], Pulse-On-Pulse, popping, Post Office Protocol (esp. TCP/IP), Prelaunch Operations Plan, Program Operating Plan, Pacific Ocean Park (nautical theme park), Package for Online Programming, Package on Package, Package-Oriented Programming, Parallel Ocean Program (Global Ocean Model), Parity of Product, Partial Order Plan, Passing Out Parade, Pay One Price, Payment on Principal (lending), Peak Optical Power, Peak Overpressure, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Performance Optimized Program, Perpendicular to Orbital Plane, Persistent Occipitoposterior Position (complication of labor and delivery), Picture Out Picture, Picture Outside Picture (television feature), Picture of Performance (human resources), Picture on Picture, Picture on Profile (roleplaying gaming), Picture over Picture, Piece Of Paper, Piece of Pie, Pissed Off Person, Place of Performance, Planes of Power (Everquest expansion), Plasma Oscillation Probe, Plaster of Paris, Point of Penetration, Point of Production, Poke'mon Organized Play, Polar Orbiting Platform (ASPRS), Pop From Stack, Power Of The Pen, Power Optimization Problem, Power of Prevention (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists), Pre-Teens Oppose Prohibition (Kids Next Door show), Precision Optical Performance, Premium Offset Plan (insurance), Premium Only Plan (employee benefit plan), Presensitized Offset Plate, Prince of Peace, Prince of Persia (video game), Princess of Power (She-Ra toy and animated TV show), Principal-Only Payment (loans), Printing-Out Paper, Probability of Paternity, Probability of Precipitation, Problem Oriented Policing, Process Operating Procedure, Processor on Plug-In (H/W), Prodigies of Peace, Professional Options Package, Progestogen-Only Pill (contraception), Prolyl Oligopeptidase, Proof Of Purchase, Proof of Payment, Proof of Performance, Proof of Possession, Proof of Principle, Proof of Product (validate/verify vendor's part number), Proofs-Of-Principle, Proper Operating Procedure (military), Prophets of Profit, Protected Object Policy, Protected Outperformance Participation Unit, Pseudo Operation, Public Offering Price (finance), Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - La Union (Airport Code), Pulsed Optically Pumped (quantum optical physics), Purchase Order Processing, Pursuit of Perfection (gaming), Pustaka-On-Phone, Put on Production11) Университет: Professor Of The Planet12) Вычислительная техника: Post Office Protocol; Point of Presence, процессор с программируемыми данными, Point Of Presence (Internet, ISP), Point of Presence (Telephony), post office protocol14) Гинекология: выпадение органов малого таза (pelvic organ prolapse)15) Педиатрия: Программа Пропаганды Беременности (Pregnancy Outreach Program)17) Фирменный знак: People's Online Publishing18) Экология: Persistent organic pollutant19) Реклама: реклама в месте продажи20) Деловая лексика: Point Of Purchase21) Бурение: putting on pump (installing a pumping unit on a well)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: put on the pump, Port Open Permit, Plant Operation Permit23) Нефтегазовая техника вертикальная скорость проходки, механическая скорость бурения24) Сетевые технологии: Pass On Packet, Post Office Protocol, местный поставщик Internet-услуг, месторасположение, почтовый протокол, точка входа в сеть, точка присутствия, узел входа в сеть25) Программирование: Pop a Word from the Stack, (Post Office Protocol) протокол почтового отделения (см. Post Office Protocol)26) Пластмассы: Point of Purchase (Marketing Displays)27) Океанография: Parallel Ocean Program28) Сахалин А: project development plan29) Химическое оружие: performance-oriented packaging30) Ювелирное дело: место продажи (напр. магазин) (Point of Purchase)31) Расширение файла: Point Of Presence, Messages index (PopMail), Pop-up menu object (dBASE Application Generator)32) Имена и фамилии: Prince Of Persia33) Чат: Pissing Off People, Premises Of Post34) NYSE. Pope & Talbot, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic -
14 Pop
1) Компьютерная техника: Positively Outstanding Programming, polar orbiting platform2) Медицина: percutaneous osteoplasty3) Американизм: Point Of Purpose, Power Of People4) Военный термин: Partially Ordered Program, period of performance, pipeline outfit, petroleum, preflight operations procedure, primary operation, project objective plan5) Техника: plane of polarization6) Религия: Presbyterian Outreach To Patients7) Метеорология: Professor Ozone Patrol8) Фармакология: Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестин (Progestin Only Pills), Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестоген (Progestogen Only Pills)9) Телекоммуникации: Post Office Protocol (Internet)10) Сокращение: Perpendicular Ocean Platform, Plug-in, Optronic Payload, Point Of Purchase promotions, Post Office Preferred (European standardized envelopes for automation), Post Office Protocol (Internet) [e.g., POP3 - Post Office Protocol, Version 3], Pulse-On-Pulse, popping, Post Office Protocol (esp. TCP/IP), Prelaunch Operations Plan, Program Operating Plan, Pacific Ocean Park (nautical theme park), Package for Online Programming, Package on Package, Package-Oriented Programming, Parallel Ocean Program (Global Ocean Model), Parity of Product, Partial Order Plan, Passing Out Parade, Pay One Price, Payment on Principal (lending), Peak Optical Power, Peak Overpressure, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Performance Optimized Program, Perpendicular to Orbital Plane, Persistent Occipitoposterior Position (complication of labor and delivery), Picture Out Picture, Picture Outside Picture (television feature), Picture of Performance (human resources), Picture on Picture, Picture on Profile (roleplaying gaming), Picture over Picture, Piece Of Paper, Piece of Pie, Pissed Off Person, Place of Performance, Planes of Power (Everquest expansion), Plasma Oscillation Probe, Plaster of Paris, Point of Penetration, Point of Production, Poke'mon Organized Play, Polar Orbiting Platform (ASPRS), Pop From Stack, Power Of The Pen, Power Optimization Problem, Power of Prevention (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists), Pre-Teens Oppose Prohibition (Kids Next Door show), Precision Optical Performance, Premium Offset Plan (insurance), Premium Only Plan (employee benefit plan), Presensitized Offset Plate, Prince of Peace, Prince of Persia (video game), Princess of Power (She-Ra toy and animated TV show), Principal-Only Payment (loans), Printing-Out Paper, Probability of Paternity, Probability of Precipitation, Problem Oriented Policing, Process Operating Procedure, Processor on Plug-In (H/W), Prodigies of Peace, Professional Options Package, Progestogen-Only Pill (contraception), Prolyl Oligopeptidase, Proof Of Purchase, Proof of Payment, Proof of Performance, Proof of Possession, Proof of Principle, Proof of Product (validate/verify vendor's part number), Proofs-Of-Principle, Proper Operating Procedure (military), Prophets of Profit, Protected Object Policy, Protected Outperformance Participation Unit, Pseudo Operation, Public Offering Price (finance), Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - La Union (Airport Code), Pulsed Optically Pumped (quantum optical physics), Purchase Order Processing, Pursuit of Perfection (gaming), Pustaka-On-Phone, Put on Production11) Университет: Professor Of The Planet12) Вычислительная техника: Post Office Protocol; Point of Presence, процессор с программируемыми данными, Point Of Presence (Internet, ISP), Point of Presence (Telephony), post office protocol14) Гинекология: выпадение органов малого таза (pelvic organ prolapse)15) Педиатрия: Программа Пропаганды Беременности (Pregnancy Outreach Program)17) Фирменный знак: People's Online Publishing18) Экология: Persistent organic pollutant19) Реклама: реклама в месте продажи20) Деловая лексика: Point Of Purchase21) Бурение: putting on pump (installing a pumping unit on a well)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: put on the pump, Port Open Permit, Plant Operation Permit23) Нефтегазовая техника вертикальная скорость проходки, механическая скорость бурения24) Сетевые технологии: Pass On Packet, Post Office Protocol, местный поставщик Internet-услуг, месторасположение, почтовый протокол, точка входа в сеть, точка присутствия, узел входа в сеть25) Программирование: Pop a Word from the Stack, (Post Office Protocol) протокол почтового отделения (см. Post Office Protocol)26) Пластмассы: Point of Purchase (Marketing Displays)27) Океанография: Parallel Ocean Program28) Сахалин А: project development plan29) Химическое оружие: performance-oriented packaging30) Ювелирное дело: место продажи (напр. магазин) (Point of Purchase)31) Расширение файла: Point Of Presence, Messages index (PopMail), Pop-up menu object (dBASE Application Generator)32) Имена и фамилии: Prince Of Persia33) Чат: Pissing Off People, Premises Of Post34) NYSE. Pope & Talbot, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic -
15 pop
1) Компьютерная техника: Positively Outstanding Programming, polar orbiting platform2) Медицина: percutaneous osteoplasty3) Американизм: Point Of Purpose, Power Of People4) Военный термин: Partially Ordered Program, period of performance, pipeline outfit, petroleum, preflight operations procedure, primary operation, project objective plan5) Техника: plane of polarization6) Религия: Presbyterian Outreach To Patients7) Метеорология: Professor Ozone Patrol8) Фармакология: Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестин (Progestin Only Pills), Таблетки, содержащие исключительно прогестоген (Progestogen Only Pills)9) Телекоммуникации: Post Office Protocol (Internet)10) Сокращение: Perpendicular Ocean Platform, Plug-in, Optronic Payload, Point Of Purchase promotions, Post Office Preferred (European standardized envelopes for automation), Post Office Protocol (Internet) [e.g., POP3 - Post Office Protocol, Version 3], Pulse-On-Pulse, popping, Post Office Protocol (esp. TCP/IP), Prelaunch Operations Plan, Program Operating Plan, Pacific Ocean Park (nautical theme park), Package for Online Programming, Package on Package, Package-Oriented Programming, Parallel Ocean Program (Global Ocean Model), Parity of Product, Partial Order Plan, Passing Out Parade, Pay One Price, Payment on Principal (lending), Peak Optical Power, Peak Overpressure, Pelvic Organ Prolapse, Performance Optimized Program, Perpendicular to Orbital Plane, Persistent Occipitoposterior Position (complication of labor and delivery), Picture Out Picture, Picture Outside Picture (television feature), Picture of Performance (human resources), Picture on Picture, Picture on Profile (roleplaying gaming), Picture over Picture, Piece Of Paper, Piece of Pie, Pissed Off Person, Place of Performance, Planes of Power (Everquest expansion), Plasma Oscillation Probe, Plaster of Paris, Point of Penetration, Point of Production, Poke'mon Organized Play, Polar Orbiting Platform (ASPRS), Pop From Stack, Power Of The Pen, Power Optimization Problem, Power of Prevention (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists), Pre-Teens Oppose Prohibition (Kids Next Door show), Precision Optical Performance, Premium Offset Plan (insurance), Premium Only Plan (employee benefit plan), Presensitized Offset Plate, Prince of Peace, Prince of Persia (video game), Princess of Power (She-Ra toy and animated TV show), Principal-Only Payment (loans), Printing-Out Paper, Probability of Paternity, Probability of Precipitation, Problem Oriented Policing, Process Operating Procedure, Processor on Plug-In (H/W), Prodigies of Peace, Professional Options Package, Progestogen-Only Pill (contraception), Prolyl Oligopeptidase, Proof Of Purchase, Proof of Payment, Proof of Performance, Proof of Possession, Proof of Principle, Proof of Product (validate/verify vendor's part number), Proofs-Of-Principle, Proper Operating Procedure (military), Prophets of Profit, Protected Object Policy, Protected Outperformance Participation Unit, Pseudo Operation, Public Offering Price (finance), Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - La Union (Airport Code), Pulsed Optically Pumped (quantum optical physics), Purchase Order Processing, Pursuit of Perfection (gaming), Pustaka-On-Phone, Put on Production11) Университет: Professor Of The Planet12) Вычислительная техника: Post Office Protocol; Point of Presence, процессор с программируемыми данными, Point Of Presence (Internet, ISP), Point of Presence (Telephony), post office protocol14) Гинекология: выпадение органов малого таза (pelvic organ prolapse)15) Педиатрия: Программа Пропаганды Беременности (Pregnancy Outreach Program)17) Фирменный знак: People's Online Publishing18) Экология: Persistent organic pollutant19) Реклама: реклама в месте продажи20) Деловая лексика: Point Of Purchase21) Бурение: putting on pump (installing a pumping unit on a well)22) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: put on the pump, Port Open Permit, Plant Operation Permit23) Нефтегазовая техника вертикальная скорость проходки, механическая скорость бурения24) Сетевые технологии: Pass On Packet, Post Office Protocol, местный поставщик Internet-услуг, месторасположение, почтовый протокол, точка входа в сеть, точка присутствия, узел входа в сеть25) Программирование: Pop a Word from the Stack, (Post Office Protocol) протокол почтового отделения (см. Post Office Protocol)26) Пластмассы: Point of Purchase (Marketing Displays)27) Океанография: Parallel Ocean Program28) Сахалин А: project development plan29) Химическое оружие: performance-oriented packaging30) Ювелирное дело: место продажи (напр. магазин) (Point of Purchase)31) Расширение файла: Point Of Presence, Messages index (PopMail), Pop-up menu object (dBASE Application Generator)32) Имена и фамилии: Prince Of Persia33) Чат: Pissing Off People, Premises Of Post34) NYSE. Pope & Talbot, Inc.35) Аэропорты: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic -
16 Chronology
15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence ofBrazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister. -
17 PEP
1) Биология: phosphoenole pyruvate2) Медицина: phosphoenolpyruvate, preejection period (период изоволюмического сокращения), Public Education Program, постконтактная (химио)профилактика (post-exposure (chemo)prophylaxis)3) Американизм: Peace, Economy, Prosperity4) Военный термин: Photographic Exploitation Products, Post Event Plan, Power Entry Panel, Production Engineering and Planning, Productivity Enhancement Program, performance evaluation and prediction, performance evaluation program, personnel exchange program, physical education program, plant equipment package, platform electronic package, platform evaluation program, point expanding projectile, power evaluation program, power extension plant, proficiency examination program, program element plan, program evaluation procedure, program evaluation process, promotion evaluation pattern5) Техника: pentaethylphenol, performance enhancement program, peripheral entry panel, positron, electron, proton, power extension package, producibility engineering planning, productivity enhancement package, programmable entry panel, prosphoenole pyruvate, proton-electron-positron storage ring, prototyping, evaluation and programming system6) Сельское хозяйство: Poultry & Egg Promotion, Poultry Expansion Program7) Шутливое выражение: Python Enhancement Proposal8) Химия: Physical Equivalent Practice9) Строительство: Promotion of European Passive Houses10) Бухгалтерия: Productivity Efficiency And Profits11) Финансы: модель привязки валютных курсов стран-экспортеров к стоимости экспортируемого товара (Peg the Exprot Price, предложена в начале 2000-х годов Джеффри Франкелем (http://ksghome.harvard.edu/\PEPjfrankel/PEP%20Index-JPM.pdf)), политически значимое лицо (politically exposed person)12) Телекоммуникации: Partitioned Emulation Program, Policy Enforcement Point13) Сокращение: Peak Envelope Power, Political and Economic Planning, Post Exposure Prophylaxis (antibiotic treatment after exposure to biohazard), Productivity Enhancement Program (USA), Productivity Enhancement Project, productibility, engineering, planning, planar epitaxial passivated (transistor), Paternalistic, Economic, Participative (The three main motivational styles found in organizations and management.), Politically Exposed Person14) Университет: Personal Elective Project, Personalized Education Plan, Pharmacology Education Partnership, Pre Engineering Program, Professional Experience Program, Project Exploration Program, Publications, Education, And Presentations15) Физика: Pauli Exclusion Principle16) Физиология: Positive Expiratory Pressure, Post Exposure Prophylaxis17) Электроника: Parent And Educator Partnership, Providing For Exceptional Potential18) Вычислительная техника: Polymer Electronic Printing, методика оценки программ, Personal Employee Portal (IBM), Personal Exam Prep (MS, ATEC), Python Enhancement Proposal (Python), Packetized Ensemble Protocol (Telebit)19) Биохимия: Primate Equilibrium Platform20) Банковское дело: программа льготной продажи акций служащим компании (personal equity plan)21) Воздухоплавание: Propulsion and Energetics Panel22) Фирменный знак: Precision Engine Parts, Professional Event Photography23) Экология: Precipitation Enhancement Project, phosphorus elimination plant25) Деловая лексика: Profit Enhancement Process, программа продажи акций служащим компании (personal equity plan)26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Performance Enhancement Plan27) Образование: Parent Educator Partnership, Parents Educating Parents, Parents Educators And Publishers, Personal Education Plan, Personal Enrichment Program, Potentially English Proficient, Primary Enrichment Program, Public Education Partnership, Pupil Esteem Program28) Инвестиции: personal equity plan29) Сетевые технологии: Packet Encoding Protocol, протокол пакетного кодирования30) ЕБРР: private equity plan31) Автоматика: Precision Engineering Program32) Контроль качества: product excellence program33) Сахалин Р: Project Execution Plan34) Расширение файла: Packet Exchange Protocol, Programme Evaluation Procedure35) Эволюция: ПЭП, популярная эволюционная психология, popular evolutionary psychology36) Электротехника: pulse effective power37) Высокочастотная электроника: primary entry point38) Должность: Personal Education Partner, Personal Efficiency Program, Positive Enhanced Performance, Professional Employer Panel39) Чат: People Enjoying People, Pester Every Person40) NYSE. Pepsico, Inc.41) НАСА: Propellant Equilibrium Program42) Клинические исследования: primary endpoint (основная конечная точка) -
18 pep
1) Биология: phosphoenole pyruvate2) Медицина: phosphoenolpyruvate, preejection period (период изоволюмического сокращения), Public Education Program, постконтактная (химио)профилактика (post-exposure (chemo)prophylaxis)3) Американизм: Peace, Economy, Prosperity4) Военный термин: Photographic Exploitation Products, Post Event Plan, Power Entry Panel, Production Engineering and Planning, Productivity Enhancement Program, performance evaluation and prediction, performance evaluation program, personnel exchange program, physical education program, plant equipment package, platform electronic package, platform evaluation program, point expanding projectile, power evaluation program, power extension plant, proficiency examination program, program element plan, program evaluation procedure, program evaluation process, promotion evaluation pattern5) Техника: pentaethylphenol, performance enhancement program, peripheral entry panel, positron, electron, proton, power extension package, producibility engineering planning, productivity enhancement package, programmable entry panel, prosphoenole pyruvate, proton-electron-positron storage ring, prototyping, evaluation and programming system6) Сельское хозяйство: Poultry & Egg Promotion, Poultry Expansion Program7) Шутливое выражение: Python Enhancement Proposal8) Химия: Physical Equivalent Practice9) Строительство: Promotion of European Passive Houses10) Бухгалтерия: Productivity Efficiency And Profits11) Финансы: модель привязки валютных курсов стран-экспортеров к стоимости экспортируемого товара (Peg the Exprot Price, предложена в начале 2000-х годов Джеффри Франкелем (http://ksghome.harvard.edu/\PEPjfrankel/PEP%20Index-JPM.pdf)), политически значимое лицо (politically exposed person)12) Телекоммуникации: Partitioned Emulation Program, Policy Enforcement Point13) Сокращение: Peak Envelope Power, Political and Economic Planning, Post Exposure Prophylaxis (antibiotic treatment after exposure to biohazard), Productivity Enhancement Program (USA), Productivity Enhancement Project, productibility, engineering, planning, planar epitaxial passivated (transistor), Paternalistic, Economic, Participative (The three main motivational styles found in organizations and management.), Politically Exposed Person14) Университет: Personal Elective Project, Personalized Education Plan, Pharmacology Education Partnership, Pre Engineering Program, Professional Experience Program, Project Exploration Program, Publications, Education, And Presentations15) Физика: Pauli Exclusion Principle16) Физиология: Positive Expiratory Pressure, Post Exposure Prophylaxis17) Электроника: Parent And Educator Partnership, Providing For Exceptional Potential18) Вычислительная техника: Polymer Electronic Printing, методика оценки программ, Personal Employee Portal (IBM), Personal Exam Prep (MS, ATEC), Python Enhancement Proposal (Python), Packetized Ensemble Protocol (Telebit)19) Биохимия: Primate Equilibrium Platform20) Банковское дело: программа льготной продажи акций служащим компании (personal equity plan)21) Воздухоплавание: Propulsion and Energetics Panel22) Фирменный знак: Precision Engine Parts, Professional Event Photography23) Экология: Precipitation Enhancement Project, phosphorus elimination plant25) Деловая лексика: Profit Enhancement Process, программа продажи акций служащим компании (personal equity plan)26) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Performance Enhancement Plan27) Образование: Parent Educator Partnership, Parents Educating Parents, Parents Educators And Publishers, Personal Education Plan, Personal Enrichment Program, Potentially English Proficient, Primary Enrichment Program, Public Education Partnership, Pupil Esteem Program28) Инвестиции: personal equity plan29) Сетевые технологии: Packet Encoding Protocol, протокол пакетного кодирования30) ЕБРР: private equity plan31) Автоматика: Precision Engineering Program32) Контроль качества: product excellence program33) Сахалин Р: Project Execution Plan34) Расширение файла: Packet Exchange Protocol, Programme Evaluation Procedure35) Эволюция: ПЭП, популярная эволюционная психология, popular evolutionary psychology36) Электротехника: pulse effective power37) Высокочастотная электроника: primary entry point38) Должность: Personal Education Partner, Personal Efficiency Program, Positive Enhanced Performance, Professional Employer Panel39) Чат: People Enjoying People, Pester Every Person40) NYSE. Pepsico, Inc.41) НАСА: Propellant Equilibrium Program42) Клинические исследования: primary endpoint (основная конечная точка) -
19 Empire, Portuguese overseas
(1415-1975)Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:• Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).• Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.• West Africa• Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.• Middle EastSocotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.• India• Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.• Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.• East Indies• Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas
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20 business
business ['bɪznɪs]1 noun∎ there has been an increase in the number of small businesses throughout the country il y a eu une augmentation du nombre des petites entreprises à travers le pays;∎ he's got a mail-order business il a une affaire ou entreprise de vente par correspondance;∎ would you like to have or to run your own business? aimeriez-vous travailler à votre compte?;∎ business for sale (on sign, in advertisement) commerce à vendre∎ business is good/bad les affaires vont bien/mal;∎ business is slow les affaires ne vont pas;∎ how's business? comment vont les affaires?;∎ business as usual (sign) ouvert;∎ hours of business (sign) heures d'ouverture;∎ to go to London on business aller à Londres pour affaires;∎ a profitable piece of business une affaire rentable ou qui rapporte;∎ we have lost business to foreign competitors nous avons perdu une partie de notre clientèle au profit de concurrents étrangers;∎ we can help you to increase your business nous pouvons vous aider à augmenter votre chiffre d'affaires;∎ the travel business les métiers ou le secteur du tourisme;∎ she's in the fashion business elle est dans la mode;∎ my business is pharmaceuticals je travaille dans l'industrie pharmaceutique;∎ she knows her business elle connaît son métier;∎ he's in business il est dans les affaires;∎ this firm has been in business for 25 years cette entreprise tourne depuis 25 ans;∎ she's in business for herself elle travaille à son compte;∎ to set up in business ouvrir un commerce;∎ he wants to go into business il veut travailler dans les affaires;∎ what's his line of business?, what business is he in? qu'est-ce qu'il fait (comme métier)?;∎ the best in the business le meilleur de tous;∎ I'm not in the business of solving your problems ce n'est pas à moi de résoudre tes problèmes;∎ this shop will be open for business from tomorrow ce magasin ouvrira demain;∎ these high interest rates will put us out of business ces taux d'intérêt élevés vont nous obliger à fermer;∎ to go out of business cesser une activité, faire faillite;∎ he's got no business sense il n'a pas le sens des affaires;∎ she has a good head for business elle a le sens des affaires;∎ to do business with sb faire affaire ou des affaires avec qn;∎ figurative he's a man we can do business with c'est un homme avec lequel nous pouvons traiter;∎ shop that does good business commerce qui marche bien;∎ I've come on business je suis venu pour le travail ou pour affaires;∎ big business is running the country le gros commerce gouverne le pays;∎ selling weapons is big business la vente d'armes rapporte beaucoup d'argent;∎ from now on I'll take my business elsewhere désormais j'irai voir ou je m'adresserai ailleurs;∎ they've put a lot of business our way ils nous ont donné beaucoup de travail;∎ it's bad business to refuse credit c'est mauvais en affaires de refuser le crédit;∎ we're not in the business of providing free meals ce n'est pas notre rôle de fournir des repas gratuits;∎ University a degree in business, a business degree un diplôme de gestion;∎ let's get down to business passons aux choses sérieuses;∎ (now) we're in business! nous voilà partis!;∎ to talk business parler affaires∎ it's my (own) business if I decide not to go c'est mon affaire ou cela ne regarde que moi si je décide de ne pas y aller;∎ what business is it of yours? est-ce que cela vous regarde?;∎ it's none of your business cela ne vous regarde pas;∎ tell him to mind his own business dis-lui de se mêler de ses affaires;∎ I was just walking along, minding my own business, when… je marchais tranquillement dans la rue quand…;∎ what's your business (with him)? que (lui) voulez-vous?;∎ I'll make it my business to find out je m'occuperai d'en savoir plus;∎ people going about their business des gens vaquant à leurs occupations;∎ it's/it's not my business to… c'est/ce n'est pas à moi de…;∎ you had no business reading that letter vous n'aviez pas à lire cette lettre;∎ I could see she meant business je voyais qu'elle ne plaisantait pas;∎ I soon sent him about his business je l'ai vite envoyé promener;∎ familiar he drank like nobody's business il buvait comme un trou;∎ familiar she worked like nobody's business to get it finished elle a travaillé comme un forçat pour tout terminer;∎ British familiar it's the business (excellent) c'est impec'(d) (matter, task)∎ the business of this meeting is the training budget l'ordre du jour de cette réunion est le budget de formation;∎ any other business (on agenda) points mpl divers;∎ any other business? d'autres questions à l'ordre du jour?;∎ she had important business to discuss elle avait à parler d'affaires importantes;∎ that investigation of police misconduct was a dirty business l'enquête sur la bavure policière a été une sale affaire;∎ it's a bad or sad or sorry business c'est une bien triste affaire;∎ this strike business has gone on long enough cette histoire de grève a assez duré;∎ I'm tired of the whole business je suis las de toute cette histoire∎ it was a real business getting tickets for the concert ça a été toute une affaire pour avoir des billets pour le concert∎ the dog did his business and ran off le chien a fait ses besoins et a détaléd'affaires►► Banking business account compte m professionnel ou commercial;business accounting comptabilité f commerciale;business acumen sens m des affaires;business address adresse f professionnelle;business administration gestion f commerciale;business associate associé(e) m,f;business bank banque f d'affaires;business banking operations fpl des banques d'affaires;Commerce business card carte f de visite;business centre centre m des affaires;business class (on aeroplane) classe f affaires;∎ to travel business class voyager en classe affaires;British business college école f de commerce; (for management training) école f (supérieure) de gestion;business computing informatique f de gestion;Journalism business correspondent correspondant(e) m,f financier(ère);Business Expansion Scheme ≃ plan m d'aide à l'investissement;business failure défaillance f d'entreprise;Computing business graphics graphiques mpl de gestion;Computing business intelligence system réactique f;Administration business letter lettre f commerciale;business lunch déjeuner m d'affaires;business manager Commerce & Industry directeur(trice) m,f commercial(e); Sport manager m; Theatre directeur(trice) m,f;business meeting rendez-vous m d'affaires;business park zone f d'activités;business plan projet m commercial;business portfolio portefeuille m d'activités;business premises locaux mpl commerciaux;business reply envelope enveloppe f préaffranchie;business school école f de commerce;School & University business studies études fpl commerciales ou de commerce;business suit complet m (-veston) m;business transaction transaction f commerciale;business travel voyages mpl d'affaires;business traveller = personne qui voyage pour affaires;business trip voyage m d'affaires;∎ to go on a business trip voyager pour affaires
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